How to get a hookah bar license in Illinois? This comprehensive guide provides a detailed roadmap for navigating the licensing process, from initial requirements to ongoing compliance. Understanding the nuances of state and local regulations, coupled with financial planning and insurance considerations, is crucial for success. This guide offers a clear path toward securing your hookah bar license in Illinois.
This guide will walk you through the steps required to obtain a hookah bar license in Illinois, covering everything from the necessary documents and regulations to health and safety standards, financial considerations, and the legal aspects of operating a hookah bar in the state. We’ll delve into the specifics of each step, ensuring you have a complete understanding of the process.
Illinois Hookah Bar Licensing Requirements: How To Get A Hookah Bar License In Illinois
Obtaining a hookah bar license in Illinois necessitates adherence to specific regulations and guidelines. This involves a comprehensive application process, encompassing necessary documents, operational stipulations, and potential penalties for non-compliance. Understanding these requirements is crucial for prospective business owners.
Required Documents for Application
The application process for a hookah bar license in Illinois demands a comprehensive set of documents. These documents provide essential information to the licensing authority, ensuring the business meets the necessary standards. Failure to submit complete and accurate documentation can lead to delays or rejection of the application.
- Business License Application: This application form contains crucial information regarding the business’s structure, ownership, and operational details.
- Proof of Insurance: Valid insurance policies, covering liabilities such as general liability and worker’s compensation, are essential to demonstrate the business’s financial responsibility.
- Ownership Documentation: Documentation of ownership, including articles of incorporation or partnership agreements, is required to verify the legal structure of the business.
- Proof of Address: This documentation validates the physical location of the establishment and its compliance with zoning regulations.
- Detailed Floor Plans: Floor plans depicting the layout of the establishment, highlighting crucial aspects like seating capacity, emergency exits, and fire safety measures, are vital.
- Fire Safety Certification: This certification demonstrates the establishment’s compliance with fire safety standards, including proper equipment and procedures.
- Local Permits and Licenses: Any necessary permits or licenses required by the local municipality must be obtained.
Operational Regulations and Guidelines
Hookah bar operations in Illinois are governed by specific regulations to ensure public safety and maintain order. These regulations address crucial aspects such as operational hours, capacity limits, and fire safety protocols. Compliance with these regulations is vital for maintaining a license and avoiding penalties.
- Permitted Hours of Operation: Hookah bars must adhere to the specific hours of operation permitted by the local municipality and state regulations.
- Capacity Limits: The maximum number of patrons allowed within the establishment is regulated by Illinois law and local ordinances to maintain a safe environment. Capacity limits are based on factors like the size of the space and required spacing between patrons.
- Fire Safety Regulations: Strict fire safety protocols are in place to mitigate risks and ensure the safety of patrons and staff. These regulations mandate the presence of fire extinguishers, proper ventilation, and fire alarms.
- Alcohol Regulations (if applicable): If alcohol is served, the business must comply with all applicable state and local alcohol regulations. This includes obtaining the appropriate licenses and adhering to serving regulations.
Application Process, How to get a hookah bar license in illinois
The application process for a hookah bar license in Illinois typically involves submitting the required documentation to the relevant licensing authority. The authority reviews the application and relevant documents, and if all requirements are met, the license is granted.
- Application Submission: The application, along with all supporting documents, is submitted to the designated licensing authority.
- Review and Evaluation: The licensing authority meticulously reviews the submitted documents to ensure compliance with all relevant regulations.
- Approval or Rejection: Following the review, the application is either approved or rejected. Reasons for rejection are clearly articulated to guide any necessary revisions or clarifications.
- License Issuance: Upon approval, the license is issued, and the business can commence operations.
Licensing Requirements by Type of Hookah Bar
Different types of hookah bars may have specific licensing requirements in Illinois.
| Type of Hookah Bar | Unique Licensing Requirements |
|---|---|
| Full-Service Hookah Bar | May require additional permits for food service, alcohol service, or live entertainment. Specific licensing requirements for these activities may apply, and these activities must comply with all relevant regulations. |
| Lounge-Style Hookah Bar | Focuses on relaxation and social interaction. Licensing requirements may differ regarding capacity and noise levels, as these bars often operate with a more relaxed atmosphere. |
| Outdoor Hookah Bar | If the hookah bar has an outdoor seating area, compliance with specific outdoor regulations may be required, including fire safety measures for outdoor grills and heaters, and considerations for noise ordinances. |
Penalties for Violations
Failure to comply with Illinois hookah bar licensing regulations can result in penalties. These penalties can range from fines to license suspension or revocation.
- Fines: Financial penalties are imposed for various violations, reflecting the severity of the breach and the potential impact on public safety.
- License Suspension: Repeated violations or serious infractions may result in the temporary suspension of the license.
- License Revocation: Significant violations of the law or regulations can lead to the permanent revocation of the license, making it impossible for the business to operate in the future.
Local Government Regulations
Obtaining a hookah bar license in Illinois involves navigating both state and local regulations. While the state provides a framework, specific city ordinances can significantly impact the application process and operational specifics. Understanding these nuances is crucial for successful licensing.Local governments in Illinois often impose additional requirements beyond the state-level mandates. These regulations can vary considerably across different municipalities, influencing aspects like permitted hours of operation, location restrictions, and specific health and safety standards.
This variation necessitates a thorough understanding of the local jurisdiction’s ordinances.
Specific Local Government Regulations
Local governments in Illinois have diverse approaches to regulating hookah bars. Some cities may have specific zoning restrictions that dictate where hookah bars can operate, while others may have regulations concerning noise levels, parking requirements, or the number of patrons allowed. Additionally, some cities might impose specific licensing fees or require specific permits beyond the state-level license.
Comparison of Local Regulations Across Illinois Cities
The regulatory landscape varies considerably across Illinois cities. For example, Chicago might have more stringent regulations regarding noise levels and operating hours compared to a smaller town in central Illinois. A thorough review of the specific ordinances for the targeted city is essential to ensure compliance. The following table illustrates potential differences:
| City | Potential Regulatory Differences |
|---|---|
| Chicago | Stricter noise ordinances, potentially more stringent zoning regulations, higher licensing fees, and more complex permit processes. |
| Springfield | Potentially fewer restrictions on operating hours, but possible more stringent health and safety standards. |
| Bloomington | Potential restrictions on the types of alcohol served alongside hookah services. |
| Other Suburban Cities | Regulations often aligned with broader zoning ordinances for commercial areas, likely with requirements for exterior lighting and parking. |
Process of Obtaining Local Permits and Approvals
The process for obtaining local permits and approvals for hookah bars in Illinois is generally similar across cities, but the specific procedures and required documentation can differ. The process typically involves submitting an application, providing supporting documentation, attending any required hearings, and paying any associated fees. Contacting the relevant city departments, like the Department of Licenses and Inspections, is crucial for obtaining precise details.
Examples of Successful Hookah Bar License Applications
Numerous hookah bars have successfully navigated the licensing process in various Illinois cities. These establishments typically demonstrate comprehensive compliance with both state and local regulations. A key aspect is thorough research and preparation. This involves meticulously studying the specific ordinances and regulations of the targeted city and demonstrating compliance in the application process.
Addressing Potential Conflicts Between State and Local Regulations
In some instances, state and local regulations may present apparent conflicts. When such discrepancies arise, the application process requires a thorough review and clarification of the governing documents. Consulting with legal counsel can prove invaluable in navigating such situations. Prioritizing clear communication with relevant local authorities can help prevent conflicts and ensure successful licensing.
Health and Safety Standards
Establishing a safe and hygienic environment is paramount for any hookah bar seeking a license in Illinois. Adherence to health and safety regulations is crucial not only for compliance but also for the well-being of patrons and staff. A proactive approach to maintaining these standards ensures a positive experience for everyone.
Ventilation Requirements
Proper ventilation is vital to mitigate the spread of airborne contaminants and maintain a healthy atmosphere within the hookah bar. This involves ensuring adequate airflow to remove smoke and other potentially harmful substances. Specific regulations may vary depending on local ordinances and the size of the establishment. Compliance with ventilation standards is essential for a comfortable and safe environment.
- Ventilation systems should be regularly inspected and maintained to ensure optimal performance.
- The system should be designed to effectively remove smoke and odors, preventing the buildup of pollutants.
- Sufficient ventilation capacity must be provided to adequately handle the expected volume of patrons and the use of hookah devices.
Fire Safety Regulations
Fire safety is paramount in any establishment handling combustible materials, especially in the context of hookah bars. Thorough adherence to fire safety regulations is critical to prevent accidents and protect both patrons and staff. This includes appropriate fire extinguishers, fire alarms, and clear evacuation plans.
- Hookah bars must have properly maintained and adequately sized fire extinguishers strategically located throughout the premises.
- All electrical appliances and equipment must comply with fire safety codes, preventing overheating and potential electrical hazards.
- Fire alarms must be operational and regularly tested to ensure timely response in case of a fire.
- A comprehensive fire evacuation plan must be developed and clearly communicated to all staff and patrons.
Sanitation Standards
Maintaining a clean and hygienic environment is critical for the safety and well-being of patrons. Sanitation standards encompass proper handwashing procedures, regular cleaning of surfaces, and proper waste disposal. Consistent adherence to these standards is vital to prevent the spread of illness and maintain a high level of hygiene.
- Regular and thorough cleaning of all surfaces, including tables, countertops, and hookah equipment, is essential.
- Designated handwashing stations with readily available soap and water must be provided.
- Proper waste disposal procedures must be implemented, including designated bins for various types of waste.
- All staff members must be trained on proper hygiene practices and sanitation protocols.
Equipment and Supplies
The required equipment and supplies for hookah bars in Illinois are dependent on specific local ordinances and the size of the establishment. A comprehensive list of needed items ensures the establishment is prepared for operation.
- A complete inventory of cleaning supplies, including disinfectants and detergents, is necessary for regular cleaning and maintenance.
- Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) must be available for staff, such as gloves and masks.
- Smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors are crucial for early detection and prevention of hazards.
Owner Responsibilities
Hookah bar owners have a significant responsibility to ensure the safety and well-being of their patrons and staff. This includes active oversight of compliance with all health and safety regulations. Proactive measures for risk mitigation are crucial.
- Owners must actively supervise the implementation of all health and safety procedures.
- Regular inspections and maintenance of equipment and facilities are mandatory.
- Proper training of staff on health and safety protocols is essential.
- Prompt reporting of any health or safety concerns to the appropriate authorities is required.
Application Process and Deadlines
Securing a hookah bar license in Illinois involves a structured application process, requiring meticulous attention to detail and adherence to established timelines. Understanding the steps and potential roadblocks is crucial for a smooth and successful application. This section Artikels the process, from initial application to potential renewals, emphasizing the importance of meeting all requirements to ensure a swift and compliant journey.
Application Initiation and Pre-Application Checklist
A well-prepared application significantly increases the likelihood of a positive outcome. Prior to formally initiating the application process, thorough research and planning are essential. This stage involves understanding the specific requirements of the relevant local jurisdiction, which may vary depending on the location.
- Review Local Regulations: Thoroughly examine all local ordinances and regulations pertaining to hookah bars, including zoning restrictions, health and safety codes, and any specific requirements unique to the municipality. Discrepancies between state and local laws must be resolved before proceeding.
- Gather Necessary Documents: Compile all required documentation, such as business licenses, permits, and financial statements, in advance. Ensure that these documents are current, accurate, and readily accessible. This is a vital pre-application step.
- Assess Business Viability: Conduct a feasibility study to assess the viability of the hookah bar in the chosen location. Consider market analysis, competition, and potential operational challenges to mitigate potential risks.
Application Steps and Deadlines
The application process generally involves multiple steps, each with associated deadlines. Strict adherence to these deadlines is critical to avoid delays. Each step is essential for a successful outcome.
- Application Submission: Submit the completed application form, along with all supporting documentation, to the appropriate licensing authority. The application typically requires detailed information about the business, its management, and its proposed operations. This step often includes a specific deadline, which must be meticulously observed to prevent delays. For example, a late submission could lead to rejection or a delay in the processing time.
- Background Checks: Applicants will typically be subject to background checks. This is a standard procedure for any business seeking a license. The time required for these checks can vary. In some cases, expedited background checks are available, potentially reducing the delay.
- Inspections and Reviews: The licensing authority will conduct site inspections to verify compliance with health and safety standards. This often involves a thorough review of the premises to ensure compliance with all relevant codes. The inspection schedule and deadlines must be adhered to, and the facility must be ready for inspection on the scheduled date. This step often involves specific deadlines to complete any necessary repairs or modifications.
- Decision and Approval: Following the inspections and reviews, the licensing authority will evaluate the application and make a decision. This decision may be either approval or denial, and the reason for denial, if applicable, will be clearly stated. A denial may necessitate revisions and resubmissions. A timely response is essential for applicants to plan accordingly.
Checklist for Hookah Bar Owners
This checklist provides a comprehensive guide to ensure that all necessary requirements are met before submitting the application. Thoroughness in this step can prevent delays.
- Completed Application Form: Ensure the form is accurately and completely filled out.
- Supporting Documentation: Verify all supporting documents are current, accurate, and readily accessible.
- Compliance with Regulations: Confirm adherence to all applicable local and state regulations.
- Facility Preparedness: Confirm that the facility meets all required health and safety standards.
- Personnel Qualifications: Ensure all staff members meet the required qualifications.
Potential Obstacles and Strategies
Potential obstacles during the application process may include delays in processing documents, conflicting regulations, or unforeseen issues. Developing strategies to mitigate these challenges can help maintain a smooth process.
- Delays in Processing: Communicate promptly with the licensing authority to understand the status of the application and any potential delays. Proactive communication is key to maintaining the application timeline.
- Conflicting Regulations: Seek legal counsel to resolve any conflicting regulations and ensure compliance with all applicable laws.
- Unforeseen Issues: Develop a contingency plan to address any unforeseen issues that may arise during the process. This includes proactive solutions to potential setbacks.
Types of Hookah Bar Licenses
The application process may vary depending on the type of license, including initial, renewal, and temporary event licenses. Understanding the differences is important.
| License Type | Key Differences | Timeline Considerations |
|---|---|---|
| Initial License | Obtaining the initial license for a new hookah bar. | Longer processing time, often involving site inspections. |
| Renewal License | Renewing an existing hookah bar license. | Typically shorter processing time, requiring updated information. |
| Temporary Event License | Obtaining a license for a temporary hookah bar event. | Shorter processing time, specific to the event’s duration. |
Financial Considerations
Securing a hookah bar license in Illinois involves careful financial planning. Understanding the associated costs, potential returns, and necessary financial documentation is crucial for a successful venture. This section provides a comprehensive overview of the financial aspects of opening a hookah bar in Illinois.
Estimated Costs
The precise cost of obtaining a hookah bar license in Illinois varies depending on several factors, including the specific municipality, the size and scope of the establishment, and the extent of renovations or modifications needed. Initial setup expenses encompass licensing fees, permitting costs, and insurance premiums. Ongoing operating expenses include staffing, utilities, maintenance, and product costs. Researching local regulations and consulting with financial advisors can help estimate these costs more accurately.
For example, a small hookah bar in a less densely populated area might have lower licensing and permitting fees compared to a larger establishment in a highly competitive urban setting.
Financial Implications of Licensing Requirements
Meeting licensing requirements necessitates various financial commitments. Equipment purchases, such as ventilation systems, specialized lighting, and appropriate seating arrangements, can represent a significant investment. Ensuring compliance with health and safety standards may require additional expenditures for equipment upgrades or facility modifications. Obtaining necessary insurance policies, such as general liability and worker’s compensation, also contributes to the overall financial outlay.
These costs should be meticulously considered and factored into the initial budget.
Potential Return on Investment
The potential return on investment (ROI) for a hookah bar in Illinois is contingent on various factors, including market demand, pricing strategies, and operational efficiency. Factors such as location, target clientele, and marketing efforts can significantly impact profitability. Analyzing market trends and competitor pricing strategies can help establish a competitive pricing model. Successful businesses often maintain a well-balanced pricing strategy that covers costs and generates a profit margin.
Financial Planning Strategies
Developing a comprehensive financial plan is crucial for a successful hookah bar. A detailed business plan outlining projected revenue, expenses, and profitability is essential. A thorough analysis of the local market, competitor analysis, and customer demographics will be vital for accurate forecasting. A solid financial plan should incorporate contingency strategies for unforeseen expenses and market fluctuations. For example, establishing a dedicated emergency fund can help navigate unexpected challenges and maintain operational stability.
Consider seeking guidance from experienced business advisors or financial consultants who can provide valuable insights and support in creating a robust financial plan.
Necessary Financial Documents
The application process for a hookah bar license in Illinois necessitates the submission of specific financial documents. These documents may include personal financial statements, business plans, projected income statements, and balance sheets. These financial documents should clearly Artikel the financial capacity and stability of the applicant or business. Financial statements provide a detailed overview of the applicant’s financial health, helping licensing authorities assess the stability and viability of the proposed venture.
Consult with a legal or financial professional for guidance on preparing accurate and compliant documents.
Insurance Requirements
Securing appropriate insurance coverage is crucial for hookah bars in Illinois. This ensures financial protection against potential liabilities and complies with state regulations. Understanding the specific insurance needs and obtaining the necessary policies will mitigate risks and support the smooth operation of the establishment.Insurance policies safeguard businesses from unforeseen events, like accidents or property damage, and protect the financial well-being of the business owners.
Proper insurance coverage also demonstrates a commitment to safety and responsible operation, fostering trust with customers and local authorities.
Types of Insurance Required
A comprehensive insurance strategy for a hookah bar in Illinois typically includes liability insurance and workers’ compensation insurance. Liability insurance protects against claims arising from injuries or damages to others, while workers’ compensation insurance covers medical expenses and lost wages for employees injured on the job. These two types of insurance are fundamental to ensuring financial security and legal compliance.
Liability Insurance Coverage
This insurance policy is designed to cover claims for injuries or property damage caused by the hookah bar’s activities. It’s essential to secure comprehensive liability coverage, including general liability and professional liability (if applicable). Coverage amounts should adequately reflect the potential risks associated with operating a hookah bar, such as accidents, injuries from faulty equipment, or customer disputes.
Workers’ Compensation Insurance
This insurance is mandated for businesses with employees in Illinois. It covers medical expenses and lost wages for employees injured while working. The coverage amount should adequately address potential medical costs and lost income, aligning with the number and type of employees.
Specific Coverage Amounts
Determining appropriate coverage amounts for liability and workers’ compensation insurance requires careful consideration of factors like the size of the establishment, the number of employees, and the potential for high-risk incidents. Consult with insurance professionals to assess these factors and select policies with appropriate coverage limits.
Examples of Insurance Policies
A general liability policy might cover damages caused by a slip-and-fall incident within the bar, while a professional liability policy might cover claims resulting from a negligent act. These policies can be tailored to a hookah bar’s unique risks. Examples of specific policies would depend on the particular circumstances of the business.
Insurance Providers
Several insurance providers cater to businesses in Illinois, including those specializing in the hospitality sector. Research and compare different providers to find the best fit for the hookah bar’s needs and budget. Consider factors such as reputation, experience in the hospitality industry, and the specific policies they offer. Finding a reputable provider is critical to obtaining adequate protection.
Ensuring Adequate Insurance Coverage
Reviewing the policy documents carefully is crucial to ensure that the coverage aligns with the hookah bar’s specific needs. Regularly reviewing and updating policies to reflect any changes in the business is vital. Consulting with an insurance broker or agent specializing in hospitality businesses is highly recommended. They can offer personalized guidance and ensure comprehensive coverage tailored to the unique operational requirements of the establishment.
Legal and Regulatory Compliance
Navigating the legal landscape surrounding hookah bars in Illinois requires a meticulous understanding of relevant laws and regulations. This section provides a comprehensive overview of the legal responsibilities of owners and staff, potential implications of non-compliance, and strategies for addressing legal concerns. Compliance with these regulations is crucial for the smooth and lawful operation of a hookah bar.
Relevant Laws and Regulations
Understanding the specific laws and regulations governing hookah bars in Illinois is essential for ensuring legal operation. Illinois’s laws cover various aspects, including licensing, health and safety standards, and alcohol service regulations. These regulations are often multifaceted, encompassing both state and local ordinances. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in penalties.
- Illinois Alcohol Beverage Control Act (ABC): This act governs the sale and service of alcoholic beverages, which might be relevant if the hookah bar offers alcoholic beverages. Understanding the specific provisions regarding alcohol service is critical for compliance.
- Local Ordinances: Local municipalities in Illinois might have their own ordinances regarding hookah bars. These ordinances may address aspects such as noise levels, operating hours, and zoning restrictions. Thorough research into the local ordinances is vital for legal compliance.
- Illinois Department of Public Health Regulations: The Department of Public Health likely has regulations regarding sanitation, food safety, and other health-related aspects that must be met for a hookah bar.
Legal Responsibilities of Owners and Staff
Hookah bar owners and staff bear significant legal responsibilities. This encompasses ensuring compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, maintaining a safe environment for patrons, and preventing illegal activities. A proactive approach to compliance minimizes risks and potential liabilities.
- Ensuring proper licensing and permits: Obtaining and maintaining all necessary licenses and permits is a fundamental legal responsibility. This includes ensuring that all staff members are aware of and comply with licensing requirements.
- Adhering to health and safety standards: Maintaining a safe and sanitary environment is crucial for both patrons and staff. This encompasses adherence to health and safety standards, regular inspections, and proactive measures to prevent accidents or injuries.
- Preventing underage drinking and other illegal activities: Hookah bar owners have a legal responsibility to prevent underage drinking and other illegal activities. Implementing appropriate policies and training staff on recognizing and reporting such activities is vital.
Implications of Non-Compliance
Failure to comply with Illinois’s laws and regulations can have significant consequences for hookah bars. These consequences can range from fines and penalties to the suspension or revocation of licenses. Proactive compliance is essential to avoid potential legal issues.
- Fines and penalties: Non-compliance can result in fines levied by the state or local authorities. These fines can be substantial and affect the financial stability of the business.
- License suspension or revocation: Repeated or severe violations could lead to the suspension or revocation of the hookah bar’s license, effectively shutting down the business.
- Legal action by patrons or regulatory agencies: If a patron experiences an issue due to a violation, they might initiate legal action. Similarly, regulatory agencies might take action based on violations.
Potential Legal Issues and Solutions
The following table Artikels potential legal issues that a hookah bar might encounter and suggests corresponding solutions. Addressing potential issues proactively can help mitigate risks and maintain legal compliance.
| Potential Legal Issue | Possible Solutions |
|---|---|
| Violation of local zoning ordinances | Consult with local zoning authorities to understand requirements and ensure compliance. Amend the business plan or operation to conform to local zoning. |
| Failure to comply with alcohol service regulations | Implement robust training for staff on Illinois’s ABC Act. Use point-of-sale systems and other tools to track alcohol sales and prevent underage drinking. |
| Health and safety violations | Implement rigorous health and safety protocols, including regular inspections and maintenance. Maintain thorough records of inspections and maintenance. |
Addressing Legal Concerns and Disputes
A clear process for addressing legal concerns and disputes is essential. This process should involve timely communication with regulatory bodies, documentation of all actions, and potentially seeking legal counsel if necessary. A proactive approach can prevent issues from escalating into major disputes.
- Communicate with regulatory agencies: Establish a communication channel with the relevant regulatory agencies in Illinois. Promptly address any concerns or notices from these agencies.
- Document all actions: Maintain detailed records of all actions taken to address potential legal issues. This documentation will be crucial if any disputes arise.
- Seek legal counsel: If a dispute arises, consulting with a legal professional specializing in business law in Illinois is recommended. This can help navigate the legal process and achieve a favorable outcome.
Summary
In conclusion, obtaining a hookah bar license in Illinois demands meticulous attention to detail and a deep understanding of the multifaceted regulations. This guide provides a thorough overview of the process, from initial requirements to ongoing compliance, empowering you with the knowledge and tools necessary for a successful venture. By following the steps Artikeld, you’ll be well-prepared to navigate the licensing landscape and operate your hookah bar legally and safely.
FAQ Corner
What are the typical costs associated with getting a hookah bar license in Illinois?
Costs vary depending on factors like location, type of license, and compliance requirements. It’s essential to research and obtain precise cost estimates from local government agencies and potential insurance providers.
What kind of insurance is required for a hookah bar in Illinois?
Illinois requires liability insurance and, depending on the specific setup, potentially workers’ compensation insurance. Coverage amounts and types will depend on your particular business model.
How long does the application process typically take?
The time frame for the application process varies depending on the completeness of your application and any necessary approvals from local governments. It’s best to consult with local authorities for specific timelines.
What are the penalties for violating hookah bar licensing regulations in Illinois?
Penalties for violations can range from fines to license revocation. Consulting with legal counsel is advisable to understand potential repercussions.